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Intermediate guides
You know the basics and want to understand how things really work.
193 guides

All intermediate guides
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Market DataIntermediateSpot Bitcoin ETF shares: how they track BitcoinSpot Bitcoin ETF shares track the fund's Bitcoin holdings and net asset value, though market hours, fees and cash flows can cause small gaps from Bitcoin.3 min read · Updated Oct 6, 2026
Market DataIntermediateCrypto ETF expense ratios: what they cost youA crypto ETF expense ratio is the fund's yearly operating cost, taken from assets and charged daily. The fund must disclose it in its prospectus.3 min read · Updated Oct 6, 2026
Buying & ExchangesIntermediateCrypto exchange vs broker: how they differ and what you ownA crypto exchange is a marketplace where users trade, while a broker sells crypto to you. Each has different order, custody, and US regulatory rules.3 min read · Updated Oct 6, 2026
BlockchainIntermediateProof of work vs proof of stake: how they compareProof of work uses miners who race on hardware, while proof of stake uses validators who lock coins; Ethereum switched in 2022, and both have risks.3 min read · Updated Oct 6, 2026
BlockchainIntermediateSolo mining vs pool mining: rewards and riskSolo mining keeps the full block reward but pays rarely; pool mining splits rewards among members and pays more often, with fees and operator risk.3 min read · Updated Oct 6, 2026
Taxes & RegulationIntermediateWhat disclosures must a crypto exchange provide?No single US crypto exchange disclosure form exists. What an exchange must provide depends on its SEC, CFTC, FinCEN and state licenses. More rules apply.3 min read · Updated Oct 6, 2026
Taxes & RegulationIntermediateAML screening in crypto: what US exchanges checkAML screening is how US crypto exchanges check customers and transactions for money laundering, while FinCEN enforces the Bank Secrecy Act rules.2 min read · Updated Oct 6, 2026
Taxes & RegulationIntermediateProof of reserves for a crypto exchange: what it showsProof of reserves shows an exchange held customer crypto at one point in time, but it is not proof of solvency and it can leave out hidden liabilities.3 min read · Updated Oct 6, 2026
Taxes & RegulationIntermediateWhat is the CFTC’s role in US crypto markets?The CFTC regulates crypto derivatives and polices spot-market fraud, but it does not register spot exchanges or insure customer funds in the US.3 min read · Updated Oct 6, 2026
Taxes & RegulationIntermediateThe SEC’s role in US crypto markets: what it coversThe SEC regulates crypto assets that count as securities, not all crypto. It also reviews ETF applications and enforces fraud cases against platforms.3 min read · Updated Oct 6, 2026
Taxes & RegulationIntermediateHow to verify a crypto exchange is available in your stateVerify a crypto exchange's state availability with its state list, your regulator's license lookup, and the signup result. Licenses are state specific.3 min read · Updated Oct 6, 2026
Taxes & RegulationIntermediateHow crypto gifts are treated for US taxesGiving crypto is not a taxable sale and receiving it as a gift is not income, but a large gift may trigger US gift tax and a return to the IRS.3 min read · Updated Oct 6, 2026
Taxes & RegulationIntermediateHow US states regulate crypto businesses differentlyUS states regulate crypto businesses differently through crypto-specific licenses, money transmitter laws, or no regime at all. Enforcement varies too.2 min read · Updated Oct 6, 2026
Taxes & RegulationIntermediateWhat is a crypto tax lot and how the IRS treats itA crypto tax lot is a recorded acquisition with its own cost basis and date. Each buy, swap, or income receipt usually starts a separate lot for US taxes.3 min read · Updated Oct 6, 2026
Taxes & RegulationIntermediateSchedule D and crypto sales: how reporting worksSchedule D totals your crypto gains and losses from a supporting capital gains form. Each crypto sale needs proceeds, cost basis and holding period.3 min read · Updated Oct 6, 2026
Taxes & RegulationIntermediateCrypto money transmitter licenses: who needs one?Crypto businesses that transmit convertible virtual currency for others need a state money transmitter license, through NMLS or New York's BitLicense.3 min read · Updated Oct 6, 2026
Taxes & RegulationIntermediateHow stablecoin trades are treated for US taxesStablecoins are taxed as property, so selling, swapping, or spending them can trigger tax. Moving them between your own wallets is usually not taxable.3 min read · Updated Oct 6, 2026
Taxes & RegulationIntermediateCrypto taxable events: how to identify themSelling, swapping, spending, or earning crypto is taxable, but buying and holding is not. US federal tax returns ask a digital assets question.3 min read · Updated Oct 6, 2026
Taxes & RegulationIntermediateHow to calculate gains on a token received in a forkYour gain is what the sale brought in minus the fair market value at receipt, which becomes your cost basis and starts the holding period for that token.3 min read · Updated Oct 6, 2026
Taxes & RegulationIntermediateHow exchange fees affect your crypto cost basisExchange fees affect your crypto cost basis when they belong to a buy or a sale. Buy fees usually add to your basis; sell fees usually cut your proceeds.3 min read · Updated Oct 6, 2026
Taxes & RegulationIntermediateHow to track cost basis across multiple crypto walletsTrack your cost basis when crypto sits in multiple wallets by combining every account's history into one master record and reconciling it for IRS reporting.3 min read · Updated Oct 6, 2026
Taxes & RegulationIntermediateHow to reconcile transfers between your own walletsReconcile transfers between your own wallets by matching dates, amounts, transaction IDs and addresses, then keep accurate fee and basis records.3 min read · Updated Oct 6, 2026
Taxes & RegulationIntermediateCrypto tax history: how to prepare your recordsYou prepare a crypto tax history by putting every exchange, wallet, and DeFi transaction into one list, then reporting gains and income to the IRS.3 min read · Updated Oct 6, 2026
Taxes & RegulationIntermediateForm 8949 for crypto: what it reportsForm 8949 is the IRS form you use to report crypto sales, swaps and payments, with totals carried to Schedule D for the capital gains tax calculation.3 min read · Updated Oct 6, 2026
Taxes & RegulationIntermediateWhat is Form 1099-DA for crypto?Form 1099-DA is the IRS form brokers send for crypto sale proceeds. It reports gross proceeds from tax year 2025, not buying, holding, or your gain.3 min read · Updated Oct 6, 2026
Taxes & RegulationIntermediateHow NFT sales are taxed in the US and what to reportAn NFT sale at a profit is usually a capital gain in the US. Your taxable gain is what you received minus your cost basis, and you report it on Form 1040.3 min read · Updated Oct 6, 2026
Taxes & RegulationIntermediateHow are crypto airdrops taxed in the US?Crypto airdrops are usually ordinary income at fair market value when you control them, and the IRS treats digital assets as property for federal tax.3 min read · Updated Oct 6, 2026
Taxes & RegulationIntermediateHow are crypto to crypto swaps taxed in the US?A crypto to crypto swap is a taxable disposal in the US. You owe capital gains tax on the difference between the value received and your cost basis.3 min read · Updated Oct 6, 2026
Taxes & RegulationIntermediateHow to determine your crypto cost basis for US taxesYou determine crypto cost basis by tracking what you paid plus costs, then reporting sales on Form 8949. The IRS treats crypto as property in the US.3 min read · Updated Oct 6, 2026
Taxes & RegulationIntermediateShort-Term vs Long-Term Crypto Capital Gains: How the IRS Splits ThemShort-term crypto gains are taxed at ordinary income rates and long-term gains at capital gains rates, with the IRS cutoff at a one-year holding period.3 min read · Updated Oct 6, 2026
